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Home - Lessons - CompTIA Security+ (SY0-701) - M4 — Security Operations - Vulnerability scanning, penetration testing and the difference between them

CompTIA Security+ (SY0-701) Vulnerability scanning, penetration testing and the difference between them

CompTIA Security+ (SY0-701)

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M1 — General Security Concepts

CIA triad, non-repudiation and the vocabulary the exam assumes

Zero trust: verify explicitly, least privilege, assume breach

Control types: managerial, technical, operational and physical

Deter, detect, prevent, correct and compensate as answer choices

Scenario reasoning: choosing the control that actually fits

Where this domain usually catches people out

M2 — Threats, Vulnerabilities and Mitigations

Threat actors: nation-state, criminal, insider, hacktivist and their motives

Attack surfaces, attack vectors and the difference between them

Common attacks: phishing, on-path, injection, brute force and their mitigations

Vulnerabilities in application, cloud, mobile and AI systems

Mitigation tooling: EDR, DLP, NAC, WAF and secure baselines

Reading an advisory and deciding what it means for you

M3 — Security Architecture

Securing the network: segmentation, firewalling and secure protocols

Cloud and virtualisation security, shared responsibility and misconfiguration

Resilience: high availability, redundancy and the failure modes

Embedded and IoT security, and why it keeps ending up in headlines

Data states and data protection: in transit, at rest and in use

Secure baselines and the configuration-drift problem

M4 — Security Operations

Building, tuning and acting on security alerts and rules

The incident response lifecycle, in the order the exam expects it

Digital forensics: order of volatility and chain of custody

Hardening: host, application and cloud-image baselines

Vulnerability scanning, penetration testing and the difference between them

Automation and orchestration for an analyst, not just for engineers

M5 — Security Program Management and Oversight

Risk management: identification, analysis, response and monitoring

Governance, policies, standards and procedures as layered artefacts

Compliance and the frameworks the exam names

Third-party and supply-chain risk, and vendor assessment in practice

Audits, assessments and the evidence they demand

Security awareness training and why it is scored, not assumed

M6 — Cryptography and PKI in Practice

Symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, and where each belongs

Hashing, salting, digital signatures and non-repudiation

Certificates, certificate authorities and the chain of trust

Key management: generation, rotation, escrow and destruction

PKI failure modes: revocation, expiry and the quiet outages they cause

What quantum risk means for today’s algorithms

M7 — Identity and Access with Real Tooling

Authentication, authorization and accounting in a working system

MFA factors, phishing-resistant methods and their limits

Directory services, federation and single sign-on

Privileged access management and just-in-time elevation

Account lifecycle: joiner, mover and leaver done properly

Access reviews that produce evidence rather than a tick

M8 — Capstone: Practice Exams and Exam-Day Strategy

A full timed 90-question practice exam under real conditions

Scoring by domain to find the weak areas, not just the total

Question deconstruction: stem, distractors and the best-of-two trap

Elimination method for scenario-based wording

Exam-day logistics: time budget, flagging and review passes

A two-week revision plan built from the domain scores

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